In 2015, Intel researchers published the first preprint of a promising, viable beyond-CMOS logic technology: the MESO device—a scalable spintronic logic device that operates via spin-orbit transduction combined with magnetoelectric switching, which converts an input voltage/charge into a magnetic spin state (e.g., charge-to-spin conversion) and uses spin-orbit transduction to convert the magnetic spin state into an output charge/voltage (e.g., spin-to-charge conversion).